CIVIL ENGINEERING CAPSULE

 GRADIENT The ratio of rising or fall to horizontal length is called gradient or it may be also defined as the rate of rising or fall along the length of road with respect to horizontal. It is expressed as 1 in n ( which means 1 vertical: n horizontal) or x% ( which means x vertical units: 100 horizontal units). It may also be expressed as tan α where  α is slope angle. Note: ascending gradients are treated as positive.           descending gradients are treated as negative.        Types of gradient: Ruling gradient Limiting gradient Exceptional gradient Minimum gradient 1. Ruling gradient          The gradient usually adopted while making the road alignment is called the ruling gradient. It is the maximum gradient within which the designer attempts to design the vertical profile of a road. It is also known as design gradient. As per, the recommended value of ruling for plain or rolling terrain is 1 in ...

     Unit 4 soil classification Theoretical and scientific purpose:  ➢ For generalization and advancement of soil science by engineering different idea ➢ To provide a   common language to engineers and scientists for the exchanging of information and experience regarding soil.  ➢ For the systematic study, study, communication, and discussion about soil.  Practical purpose  ➢ For gathering data in the different schemes in an easy way.  ➢ To correlate with behavior of soil under a specific use.  Basic requirement of soil classification  ➢ Should have united number of groups  ➢ Should have based on engineering properties  ➢ Should be simple and uses easily understandable terms.  Soil classification  Soil classification is a separation of soil into classes or groups each having similar characteristics and potentially similar behavior. A classification for engineering purposes should be based mainly on mecha...